Rosacea is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that primarily affects the central face, leading to persistent redness, visible blood vessels, flushing, and, in some cases, acne-like lesions. It most commonly affects adults between the ages of 30 and 60 and tends to have a relapsing and remitting course. While rosacea is not life-threatening, it can significantly affect self-esteem, emotional well-being, and quality of life if not properly managed.

The exact cause of rosacea is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic predisposition, immune system dysregulation, vascular hyper-reactivity, and environmental triggers. Factors such as sun exposure, heat, spicy foods, alcohol, stress, and certain skincare products are known to exacerbate symptoms. Individuals with fair skin are more commonly affected, although rosacea can occur in all skin types and may be underdiagnosed in darker skin tones.

Clinically, rosacea presents in several patterns. Early stages are characterized by episodic facial flushing and persistent redness, particularly over the cheeks, nose, chin, and forehead. As the condition progresses, visible dilated blood vessels may develop. Some individuals experience inflammatory lesions resembling acne, while others may develop skin thickening, particularly of the nose. Ocular involvement can occur, leading to eye irritation, dryness, and redness.

Symptoms often fluctuate and may worsen with exposure to known triggers. Burning, stinging, and increased skin sensitivity are common complaints. Because rosacea can resemble acne, eczema, or contact dermatitis, accurate diagnosis is essential to avoid inappropriate treatments that may worsen the condition.

Diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on history and examination. There are no definitive laboratory tests for rosacea, but evaluation focuses on ruling out other conditions. Early recognition allows timely intervention and reduces progression to more severe disease.

Management of rosacea centers on trigger avoidance, gentle skincare, and long-term disease control rather than cure. Patient education is critical, as understanding personal triggers and adopting protective measures significantly reduces flare-ups. With consistent dermatological care, rosacea can be effectively controlled, improving skin appearance and quality of life.