Anemia occurs when the blood does not have enough healthy red blood cells or haemoglobin to adequately carry oxygen throughout the body. It is relatively common in childhood and can have several causes, including nutritional deficiencies, blood loss, inherited conditions and chronic illnesses.

Recognising anemia in children is important because prolonged or significant anemia can affect energy levels, concentration, physical activity and overall development.

At International Modern Hospital, Dubai, pediatricians evaluate children with suspected anemia by considering their symptoms, diet, medical history, growth and development, family history and laboratory results.

Common Causes of Anemia in Children

One of the most common causes of childhood anemia is iron deficiency. Growing children have increased nutritional requirements, and inadequate dietary iron intake can contribute to iron deficiency.

Other possible causes include:

• Iron deficiency
• Vitamin deficiencies
• Blood loss
• Inherited blood disorders
• Chronic medical conditions
• Conditions affecting red blood cell production
• Increased destruction of red blood cells

The cause should be established before deciding on treatment.

Symptoms of Anemia in Children

Some children with mild anemia may have few noticeable symptoms.

Possible symptoms include:

• Tiredness
• Weakness
• Pale skin
• Reduced energy
• Difficulty concentrating
• Irritability
• Reduced appetite
• Shortness of breath during activity
• Dizziness in some children

Symptoms vary according to the severity and cause of anemia.

How Is Pediatric Anemia Diagnosed?

A pediatrician may recommend blood tests to evaluate a child's blood count and determine the likely cause of anemia.

Investigations may include:

• Complete blood count
• Haemoglobin measurement
• Red blood cell indices
• Iron studies
• Ferritin
• Vitamin levels where appropriate
• Additional tests based on the child's history

The doctor may also assess the child's diet, growth pattern and family history.

Iron Deficiency Anemia in Children

Iron is required to produce haemoglobin. Children who do not receive enough iron through their diet may develop iron deficiency.

Dietary sources of iron include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes and iron-fortified foods. The appropriate dietary approach depends on the child's age and individual nutritional needs.

Iron supplements should only be given according to medical advice because excessive iron can be harmful.

Treatment of Pediatric Anemia

Treatment depends on the underlying cause.

For iron deficiency anemia, treatment may involve dietary changes and iron supplementation prescribed according to the child's needs. Children with other forms of anemia may require specialist evaluation and different treatments.

Follow-up blood tests may be recommended to assess the response to treatment.