Nail disorders encompass a wide range of conditions affecting the fingernails and toenails, often reflecting underlying local, systemic, or dermatological disease. Nails play an important functional and cosmetic role, and changes in nail appearance can provide valuable clues to overall health. Nail disorders may involve alterations in color, thickness, shape, texture, or growth and can significantly impact quality of life when associated with pain, infection, or cosmetic distress.

Common nail disorders include fungal nail infections, nail psoriasis, brittle nail syndrome, ingrown nails, traumatic nail changes, and nail dystrophies associated with systemic illness. Nails grow slowly, and therefore changes often reflect chronic processes rather than acute events. Because of this slow growth, nail disorders may persist for long periods and require patience and consistency in management.

Clinical presentation varies depending on the underlying cause. Nail discoloration may range from yellowing and whitening to dark pigmentation. Thickening, crumbling, ridging, splitting, or separation of the nail from the nail bed may occur. Some nail disorders cause pain, inflammation, or secondary infection, while others are primarily cosmetic but psychologically distressing.

Diagnosis begins with careful examination of the nails, surrounding skin, and pattern of involvement. A detailed medical history is essential, including occupational exposure, trauma, systemic illness, medication use, and family history. In certain cases, laboratory testing or further evaluation may be required to identify infections or systemic associations.

Nail disorders often require long-term management due to slow nail growth and recurrence risk. Patient education is central, as unrealistic expectations can lead to frustration. Proper nail care, protection from trauma, and avoidance of harmful cosmetic practices are important supportive measures.

Early identification and appropriate dermatological evaluation help distinguish benign nail changes from conditions that may require further investigation. With structured care, many nail disorders can be effectively managed, improving both function and appearance.