Hypothyroidism is a common endocrine disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Thyroid hormones—thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)—play a critical role in regulating metabolism, energy production, body temperature, heart rate, and multiple organ functions. When hormone levels are low, metabolic processes slow down, leading to a wide range of systemic symptoms.

The most frequent cause of hypothyroidism is autoimmune thyroiditis, particularly Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, where the immune system gradually damages thyroid tissue. Other causes include iodine deficiency, thyroid surgery, radioactive iodine therapy, certain medications, and congenital absence or dysfunction of the thyroid gland. In the UAE and similar regions, autoimmune thyroid disease is a leading contributor, particularly among women.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism often develop gradually and may be subtle in the early stages. Common manifestations include fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, hair loss, constipation, depression, menstrual irregularities, and slowed heart rate. Because symptoms are nonspecific, hypothyroidism is frequently underdiagnosed or mistaken for lifestyle-related fatigue or aging.

Diagnosis is based on blood tests measuring thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroid hormone levels. Elevated TSH with low free T4 confirms primary hypothyroidism. Additional testing for thyroid antibodies helps identify autoimmune causes and guide long-term monitoring.

Management of hypothyroidism is straightforward and highly effective. Treatment involves lifelong thyroid hormone replacement therapy, most commonly with synthetic levothyroxine. The goal is to restore normal hormone levels and relieve symptoms while maintaining metabolic stability. Dosage is individualized based on age, weight, cardiac status, pregnancy, and response to therapy.

Regular follow-up is essential, especially during the initial treatment phase, pregnancy, or when medications that interfere with thyroid hormone absorption are introduced. Once stabilized, most patients require periodic monitoring to ensure continued hormonal balance.

Untreated or poorly managed hypothyroidism can lead to significant complications, including cardiovascular disease, infertility, pregnancy complications, cognitive impairment, and myxedema coma in severe cases. With timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment, individuals with hypothyroidism can maintain normal health, productivity, and quality of life.