Hyperthyroidism is an endocrine condition characterized by excessive production and release of thyroid hormones, resulting in an accelerated metabolic state. Elevated levels of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) overstimulate multiple organ systems, leading to significant physiological and clinical effects.

The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies stimulate the thyroid gland to produce excess hormones. Other causes include toxic multinodular goiter, thyroid nodules producing excess hormone, thyroiditis, and excessive iodine or thyroid hormone intake. Hyperthyroidism affects women more frequently than men and often presents between the ages of 20 and 50.

Symptoms tend to develop more rapidly than in hypothyroidism and may include unexplained weight loss, heat intolerance, excessive sweating, palpitations, anxiety, tremors, muscle weakness, increased appetite, and frequent bowel movements. Cardiac manifestations such as atrial fibrillation and tachycardia are particularly concerning in older adults.

Diagnosis is confirmed through laboratory testing showing suppressed TSH levels with elevated free T4 and/or T3. Additional tests, including thyroid antibody assays and imaging studies, help determine the underlying cause and guide treatment decisions.

Management strategies depend on the cause, severity, age, and patient-specific factors. Treatment options include antithyroid medications to reduce hormone synthesis, radioactive iodine therapy to ablate overactive thyroid tissue, and surgical thyroidectomy in selected cases. Beta-blockers are commonly used to control symptoms such as palpitations and tremors during initial treatment.

Close monitoring is essential, as treatment can lead to hypothyroidism, requiring long-term hormone replacement. Untreated hyperthyroidism increases the risk of cardiovascular complications, osteoporosis, muscle wasting, and thyroid storm, a rare but life-threatening emergency.

With timely diagnosis and appropriate therapy, hyperthyroidism can be effectively controlled, minimizing complications and restoring metabolic balance.