Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s response to infection causes widespread inflammation, organ dysfunction, and circulatory instability. It can develop from infections of the lungs, urinary tract, abdomen, skin, or bloodstream. Early recognition and immediate emergency management are critical because sepsis can rapidly progress to septic shock and multi-organ failure.

Patients with sepsis may present with fever or low body temperature, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, low blood pressure, confusion, decreased urine output, or general weakness. In elderly or immunocompromised individuals, symptoms may be subtle but deterioration can be sudden. Sepsis represents a medical emergency requiring immediate evaluation.

Emergency assessment begins with rapid stabilization of airway, breathing, and circulation. Vital signs are closely monitored, and intravenous access is established promptly. Blood tests are obtained to identify infection markers, organ function, and metabolic abnormalities. Blood cultures and other diagnostic tests help identify the source of infection.

Early administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy is a cornerstone of sepsis management. Fluid resuscitation supports blood pressure and organ perfusion. In cases of septic shock, medications may be required to maintain adequate blood pressure. Continuous monitoring in the emergency department ensures rapid detection of worsening organ function.

Imaging studies may be performed to identify infection sources such as pneumonia or abdominal abscess. Source control, including drainage or surgical intervention, may be necessary in certain cases.

Frequent reassessment is essential. Organ function—including kidney, liver, heart, and brain status—is closely monitored. Escalation to intensive care may be required for patients with severe organ dysfunction.

Sepsis has high mortality if untreated, but early recognition and structured emergency protocols significantly improve outcomes. Rapid intervention prevents progression to shock, reduces complications, and improves survival rates.