Dyslipidemia is a metabolic disorder characterized by abnormal levels of lipids in the blood, including elevated total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, triglycerides, or reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. It is a major modifiable risk factor for atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral vascular disease.

Dyslipidemia often develops silently, with no obvious symptoms until cardiovascular complications occur. It is commonly associated with other metabolic conditions such as Type 2 diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and hypothyroidism. Genetic factors, dietary habits, physical inactivity, and certain medications can also contribute to abnormal lipid profiles.

The underlying mechanism involves disrupted lipid metabolism, leading to excess circulating atherogenic lipoproteins. LDL cholesterol plays a central role in plaque formation within arterial walls, while elevated triglycerides further increase cardiovascular risk. Low HDL cholesterol reduces the body’s ability to remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream.

Diagnosis is established through a fasting or non-fasting lipid profile, measuring total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. Risk assessment incorporates lipid values along with age, blood pressure, smoking status, diabetes, and family history to guide treatment intensity.

Management begins with lifestyle modification. Dietary interventions focus on reducing saturated and trans fats, increasing intake of fiber-rich foods, lean proteins, and healthy fats, and limiting processed foods. Regular physical activity improves lipid levels by lowering triglycerides and raising HDL cholesterol. Weight reduction further enhances lipid control.

When lifestyle measures are insufficient or cardiovascular risk is high, pharmacological therapy is initiated. Lipid-lowering medications work by reducing cholesterol production, increasing lipid clearance, or altering lipid absorption. Treatment is individualized based on risk profile and treatment response.

Long-term management emphasizes sustained lipid control and regular monitoring to prevent cardiovascular events. Dyslipidemia management is not solely about achieving target cholesterol numbers but about reducing overall cardiovascular risk through a comprehensive, preventive approach.